How long has the economist been around

Prior to Robert Guest is The Economist's foreign editor. Previously he was US editor, business editor, Washington correspondent and Lexington columnist She has worked as a translator and interpreter for English and Russian , Amy Hawkins joined The Economist in As News editor, she helps to run the Espresso app, the homepage She has Hal Hodson is The Economist's Asia technology correspondent, focusing on the electronics manufacturing industry and the implications of tensions Matthew Holehouse is the British political correspondent of The Economist.

Before joining the newspaper he worked at MLex Market Rachel Horwood runs The Economist's Washington bureau as well as providing research support and fact-checking political and economic writers. Jason Hosken joined The Economist in He regularly produces "Babbage" and features for "The Intelligence" podcasts. Rosalind Hothi is joint Lead on the Picture Desk, supervising the team whilst researching and commissioning images for print Donald Hounam is the developer of The Economist's data online chart generating tool.

He has a PhD degree in medieval Charlotte Howard is the New York bureau chief and energy and commodities editor. She joined The Economist in From to Marguerite Howell is the co-editor of The Intelligence podcast. Previously, she worked as the multimedia editor, overseeing the development Chris Impey is Senior audio producer for Economist podcasts.

He worked at the BBC for ten years as a Jayden Irving is a Social-media fellow at The Economist. She joined the social media team in London after completing Graeme James has worked as the Cover designer for The Economist since Previously he was a book cover She was previously a digital intern on the news desk as well as Alok Jha is a science correspondent for The Economist, writing on everything from cosmology to particle physics and stem From he covered Chinese politics and society from The Economist's Marina Joncic is a production assistant at Economist Films.

Before joining Films in , Marina worked as a freelance Ria has worked for The Economist as a visual journalist since She joined The Economist in Shashank Joshi is The Economist's defence editor.

Prior to joining The Economist in , he served as Senior Research Margaret Kadifa writes about foreign affairs for the Economist.

Prior to joining as an intern in , she worked Soumaya Keynes writes for the print edition of The Economist, and previously covered economics, the US economy and trade. Kirstin Kidd has worked on the picture desk at The Economist since Prior to this, Kirstin spent Daniel Knowles works on the foreign desk of The Economist.

He covers stories worldwide, with a particular focus on Andrew Knox started at The Economist in as an intern on the foreign desk before moving to the Silvie Koanda is a picture editor at The Economist working within the graphics department.

She joined the newspaper in Prior to joining the paper in , Prior to this role, he was the Deputy Foreign Editor Angela Lambert joined The Economist in as Contents editor and then in as Editorial assistant for the Patrick Lane is Deputy digital editor for The Economist. Previously, he was Banking editor for the paper. Hemma Leckraz joined The Economist in as an Editorial assistant for the back half of the newspaper.

Lea Legraien joined The Economist as a digital intern in November of Prior to this, she was a Sarah Leo is a visual data journalist at The Economist, where she designs charts, maps and other visualisations for Rachel Lloyd is the assistant editor of the Books and Arts section. As well as running the daily culture Daniel Lloyd-Evans is the Audio engineer, sound designer and composer for The Economist's daily news and current affairs podcast, Simon Long is deputy digital editor for The Economist.

Previous to this role he edited the International section, and before Joe Lyness works in The Economist's research department. He joined the paper in after graduating from Goldsmiths, University Hannah Marinho joined The Economist in and has been producing the newspaper's daily news and current-affairs podcast, The Paul principally writes about new technologies and their implications in business.

Sarah Esther Maslin joined The Economist in His previous roles were Asia editor, finance editor, Washington bureau chief, business editor and Before that she was deputy digital editor and assistant He is the Anne McElvoy is a former foreign correspondent and columnist.

She began her career on the Times, covering east Germany, Matt McLean is a visual data journalist at the Economist. He joined the data department in and works Claire McQue joined The Economist's social-media team in In addition to helping The Economist reach new digital audiences, Based in London, he reports on over 20 countries Adam Meara is a Visual data journalist.

As one of the founding members of The Economist's data team, he Lee Mears designs, art directs and edits video content for the Economist Films team. He joined the newspaper in Leo Mirani is Asia editor at the Economist. He has held a number of jobs at The Economist, including Elliot Morris is a journalist on the data team, writing quantitatively-driven pieces for The Economist on a wide range of subjects Before coming to The Economist as energy and environment editor in , Sacha Nauta is The Economist's deputy executive editor.

Previously she was the publication's public-policy editor. Her former roles include Before that he spent four years based He was economics editor from to , following three years as a Prior to this role, he was the Moscow Bureau Isobel Owen has worked on The Economist's social-media team since September when she joined as a fellow.

Andrew Palmer is the Executive editor. He was formerly business affairs editor, head of the data team, Americas editor, Jason Palmer is host of "The Intelligence" podcast. He joined The Economist as a science and technology correspondent in Prior to this John Parker is an international correspondent, writing without portfolio. He has spent about half his career in foreign bureau He creates charts and maps for the newspaper, Prior to this, she was Production controller working on Rosamund Pearce is a Visual data journalist for The Economist.

She creates both static and interactive data visualisations, primarily Sophie Pedder is the Paris bureau chief, writing about French politics and economics.

She joined The Economist in and has John Peet is The Economist's political and Brexit editor. Prior to this position, John was Europe editor covering European affairs Elizabeth Peet works in the Research department in the New York office, and her role combines fact-checking articles with sourcing He started work in Cairo as editor of the Middle East Times and since then After surviving a bat bite and three years of crit Stephen Petch was appointed art director in May and oversees all editorial creative content at The Economist.

Prior to The Economist she worked in various Stanley Pignal writes about European business, finance and economics out of Paris. In previous roles as finance correspondent then Jan Piotrowski is The Economist's business editor. Jan also John Prideaux joined The Economist as political correspondent in Prior to this he wrote for The Economist, the Kristene Quan is a senior social-media editor at The Economist.

She helps lead the newspaper's daily social operations and Simon joined The Economist as Asia economics editor in , primarily focused on Chinese economics and finance.

Sir Simon Robertson and Lady Lynn Forester de Rothschild stepped down after 12 years and 15 years respectively as non-executive directors. Philip Mallinckrodt, whose Schroder family shareholding goes back to , joined the board, as did Eli Goldstein.

The Economist's editorial team moved into new headquarters in the Adelphi Building, just off the Strand in London. Exor owns The Group acquired Signal Noise, a data design agency that builds content and tools for clients. Zanny Minton Beddoes becomes the 17th editor of The Economist. The Group announces that it will buy-back 5. Exor will become the Group's largest shareholder after the completion of the transaction with a John Micklethwait resigns as editor of The Economist after 27 years with the newspaper—including nine as editor-in-chief.

Chris Stibbs, previously chief finance officer and managing director of the Economist Intelligence Unit, becomes Group chief executive on July 18th, succeeding Andrew Rashbass. The Economist Group expands The Economist Intelligence Unit with the acquisition of two healthcare information companies: Clearstate, a Singapore-based business focused on Asia, and a London-based organisation, Bazian.

The acquisition fits in with the Group's long-term commercial strategy of building a broad range of services for its growing client base. Adding to its Washington portfolio under the CQ Roll Call brand, the Group acquires Illumen, a leader in innovative solutions for organisations seeking to engage their constituents.

By November , The Economist is read on more than 1m digital devices each month. From August The Economist 's lifestyle magazine, Intelligent Life , moves from quarterly to bi-monthly publication.

The Group opens an office in Johannesburg to support its growing activities in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. The Group retains a minority stake in the new company. The Group acquires the Journal of Commerce, a major information provider for shipping and transportation industries in the US.

The Economist Group launches European Voice, the only weekly newspaper with an independent view of the European Union. In doing so, people balance the scarcity of each good against the value of the use of the good at the margin. These decisions explain, for example, why the price of an individual diamond is relatively higher than the price of an individual unit of water. Though water is a basic need to live, it is often plentiful, and though diamonds are often purely decorative, they are scarce.

Marginalism quickly became, and remains, a central concept in economics. Walras went on to mathematize his theory of marginal analysis and made models and theories that reflected what he found.

General equilibrium theory came from his work, as did the practice of expressing economic concepts statistically and mathematically instead of just in prose. Alfred Marshall took the mathematical modeling of economies to new heights, introducing many concepts that are still not widely understood, such as economies of scale, marginal utility , and the real-cost paradigm.

It is nearly impossible to expose an economy to experimental rigor; therefore, economics is on the edge of science. Through mathematical modeling, however, some economic theory has been rendered testable. The theories developed by Walras, Marshall, and their successors would develop in the 20th century into the neoclassical school of economics—defined by mathematical modeling and assumptions of rational actors and efficient markets.

Later, statistical methods were applied to economic data in the form of econometrics , giving economists the ability to propose and test hypotheses empirically and in a methodologically rigorous manner. John Maynard Keynes developed a new branch of economics known as Keynesian economics , or more generally as macroeconomics.

Keynes styled the economists who had come before him as "classical" economists, and he believed that while their theories might apply to individual choices and goods markets, they did not adequately describe the operation of the economy as a whole. Instead of marginal units or even specific goods markets and prices, Keynesian macroeconomics presents the economy in terms of large-scale aggregates that represent the rate of unemployment , aggregate demand , or average price-level inflation for all goods.

Keynes's theory says that governments can be powerful players in the economy and save it from recession by implementing expansionary fiscal and monetary policy—manipulating government spending, taxing, and money creation—in order to manage the economy. By the midth century, these two strands of thought—mathematical, marginalist microeconomics and Keynesian macroeconomics—would rise to near-complete dominance of the field of economics throughout the Western world.

This became known as the neoclassical synthesis, which has since represented the mainstream of economic thought as taught in universities and practiced by researchers and policymakers, with other perspectives labeled as heterodox economics. Within the neoclassical synthesis, various streams of economic thought have developed, sometimes in opposition to one another.

The inherent tension between neoclassical microeconomics—which portrays free markets as efficient and beneficial—and Keynesian macroeconomics—which views markets as inherently prone to calamitous failure—has led to persistent academic and public policy disagreements, with different theories ascendant at different times.

Various economists and schools of thought have sought to refine, reinterpret, redact, and redefine both neoclassic microeconomics and Keynesian macroeconomics. Most prominent is monetarism and the Chicago School, developed by Milton Friedman , which retains neoclassical microeconomics and the Keynesian macroeconomic framework but shifts the emphasis of macroeconomics from fiscal policy favored by Keynes to monetary policy. Monetarism was widely espoused through the s, '90s, and s.

Several different streams of economic theory and research have been proposed to resolve the tension between micro- and macroeconomics by incorporating aspects or assumptions from microeconomics such as rational expectations into macroeconomics or by further developing microeconomics to provide micro-foundations such as price stickiness or psychological factors for Keynesian macroeconomics.

In recent decades, this has led to the development of new theories, such as behavioral economics, and to renewed interest in heterodox theories, such as Austrian-school economics, which were previously relegated to the economic backwaters. Classical economic theory and theory of markets, from Smith through Friedman, have rested largely on the assumption that consumers are rational actors who behave in their own best interests.

Current economists such as Richard Thaler, Daniel Kahneman , Gary Becker , and the late Amos Tversky, have shown that people often do not act in their own best material interests but allow themselves to be swayed by non-material, psychological factors, and biases.

Behavioral economics has helped to popularize a number of new concepts that make economic modeling and forecasting more difficult than ever. These concepts include:.

A rising cohort of economists has emphasized the importance of factoring in inequalities in income distribution and social well-being when measuring the success of a given economic policy. Pre-eminent among them is Anthony Atkinson , who focused on income redistribution within a given country, and Amartya Sen , professor of economics and philosophy at Harvard University, whose work on global inequality won him the Nobel Prize for Economics in Over time, these basic accounting tools grew into financial models of increasing complexity, blending the mathematics required to calculate compound interest, with ethics and moral philosophy.

Economics as a system to understand and control the material world and mitigate risk emerged and evolved across the globe in a staggered fashion—the Fertile Crescent and Egypt, China and India, ancient Greece and the Arab world. As societies grew wealthier and trade grew more complex, economic theory turned to the mathematics, statistics, and computational modeling that economists use to help guide policymakers.

The business cycle , booms and busts, anti-inflation measures, and mortgage interest rates are outgrowths of economics. Understanding them helps the market and government adjust for these variables. Balancing out the mathematical modeling approach is the study of factors that are more difficult to quantify but crucial to understand—most notably, the foibles and unpredictability of human psychology.

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