How does silver halide photography work

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Lightroom Tips Lightroom Tips. Project Life Project Life. Shop All. Prints Photo Prints Real Photographs. Memory Pages. Collage Prints. Art Prints. Mini Prints. Press Prints Thick Press Papers. This is why a red apple appears green in a color negative. When light is shone through such a color negative onto color printing paper, the yellow, magenta and cyan colors in the negative create complementary colors in the paper, thus recreating the original colors of the subject photographed.

This is the principle behind the dye coupler method of creating color images. In recent years, digital cameras have become increasingly popular as an alternative to cameras that use film. A digital image is a long string of 1s and 0s representing all the colored light dots, known as pixels, which collectively make up the image. CCDs are collections of tiny, light-sensitive diodes that convert light into electrical charges, which are then digitized to create a digital image.

Digital cameras, too, work on the principle of filtering the three primary colors of red, green and blue. In digital cameras, the light beam is split light into its RGB elements before striking the light sensor, which then reads the strength of each color per pixel, and converts that information into digital data. Unlike film, digital images do not deteriorate with age, and can be enjoyed in various ways, such as viewing on a TV or PC screen, or by outputting them using a printer.

Chapter 1: The Mysteries of Light. Why Is the Sky Blue? How Do Rainbows Form? Why Light Fades in the Bathroom? Why Do Water Surfaces Shine? Why Do Comets Have Tails? Chapter 2: Making Light. Chapter 3: Applications of Light. Chapter 4: Light and Its Future. Satisfactory developing agents quickly convert exposed grains into metallic silver while doing little or no damage to unexposed grains Baines, p.

The typical amount of time needed to develop black and white film is between eight and fourteen minutes. For example, Kodak D, a common general-purpose developer, uses hydroquinone pictured below as its active reducing agent.

There are still some questions about the exact mechanisms of development, but it is known that the metallic silver speck on the outside of a silver halide crystal acts as a catalyst for the reduction of the entire grain. Thus, as the reaction proceeds and the silver speck increases in size, the reaction rate accelerates on those grains which have been marked by decomposition Mitchell, pp. The next chemical used in the process of making a black and white negative is stop bath.

Developing solution is usually slightly basic. Alkalinity helps to speed up the development process and by neutralizing the developer with a mildly acidic stop bath, the process is slowed and eventually stopped. There is some debate as to the importance of this step and clean, running water is an acceptable substitute. At this point in the photographic process, the emulsion contains two components: metallic silver and undeveloped silver halide crystals.

The final step in making a black and white negative is removing the undeveloped crystals. If these compounds are left on the negative, when the negative is exposed to light, the unexposed grains will decompose and form silver, thus fogging the entire frame.

One of the characteristics of the silver halides is that they are all insoluble in water. The most commonly used fixer, sodium thiosulfate Na 2 S 2 O 3 , reacts with silver halides to form sodium sulfatoargentate Na 3 [Ag S 2 O 3 2 ] , a very soluble coordination compound Baines The reaction steps for the fixing of silver bromide are Baines, p. Now that the unexposed silver halide has been converted into a soluble substance, it is carried away by the fixing solution and a useful negative is left behind.

There is more to the science and process of photography. The negative is then placed under a high intensity lamp and projected onto photo paper. The photo paper is then developed, stopped and fixed. At this point, the intended product has been produced and the process is finished. However, there is much more to the process then is presented here. One can find ample readings on the nature of light and camera lenses, the use of filters in exposure and development, and pushing film, as well as many more chemistry related subjects in the field of photography.